Quiz#

This quiz covers the key concepts from Lecture 4: Function Fundamentals, including function definition and calling, arguments (positional, default, keyword, *args, **kwargs), scopes (LEGB), pass-by-assignment, type hints, docstrings, and recursion.

Note

Instructions:

Answer all questions to the best of your ability.
Multiple choice questions have exactly one correct answer.
True/False questions require you to determine if the statement is correct.
Essay questions require short written responses (2-4 sentences).
Click the dropdown after each question to reveal the answer.

Multiple Choice#

Question 1

What is the output of the following code?

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
    return f"{greeting}, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

"Hello, Alice!"
"Alice, Hello!"
TypeError
"None, Alice!"

Question 2

What is the output of the following code?

def add_item(item, items=[]):
    items.append(item)
    return items

print(add_item("a"))
print(add_item("b"))

['a'] then ['b']
['a'] then ['a', 'b']
['a', 'b'] then ['a', 'b']
TypeError

Question 3

What does the *args parameter collect?

All keyword arguments as a dictionary.
All positional arguments as a tuple.
All arguments as a list.
Only the first extra argument.

Question 4

What is the output of the following code?

x = 10

def modify():
    x = 20
    print(x)

modify()
print(x)

20 then 20
20 then 10
10 then 10
UnboundLocalError

Question 5

In the LEGB rule, what does the “E” stand for?

External
Enclosing
Environment
Evaluated

Question 6

What is the output of the following code?

def func(a: int, b: str) -> bool:
    return str(a) == b

result = func(42, "42")
print(result)

True
False
TypeError
"42"

Question 7

What happens when you pass a list to a function and the function appends an element to it?

The original list is unchanged because Python uses pass-by-value.
The original list is modified because lists are mutable and passed by assignment.
The original list is replaced with a new list.
A TypeError is raised.

Question 8

What is the output of the following code?

def outer():
    count = 0
    def inner():
        nonlocal count
        count += 1
        return count
    return inner()

print(outer())

0
1
NameError
None

Question 9

What is the output of the following code?

def combine(*args, **kwargs):
    return (args, kwargs)

print(combine(1, 2, x=3, y=4))

([1, 2], {'x': 3, 'y': 4})
((1, 2), {'x': 3, 'y': 4})
(1, 2, 3, 4)
TypeError

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true about Python type hints?

They improve code readability and documentation.
They are enforced at runtime by the Python interpreter.
They enable static analysis tools like mypy.
They can specify Optional for values that may be None.

Question 11

What is the output of the following code?

def factorial(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5))

5
15
120
RecursionError

Question 12

What is the output of the following code?

def modify(data):
    data = [99, 99, 99]

original = [1, 2, 3]
modify(original)
print(original)

[99, 99, 99]
[1, 2, 3]
[]
None

Question 13

What does a function return if it has no return statement?

0
An empty string ""
None
It raises an error.

Question 14

Which correctly unpacks a function’s return value?

def get_coords():
    return 3.5, 7.2

x, y = get_coords()
(x, y) = get_coords()
Both A and B are correct.
Neither A nor B is correct.

Question 15

What is the correct order of parameters in a function signature?

def func(*args, a, b, **kwargs):
def func(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
def func(**kwargs, a, b, *args):
def func(a, **kwargs, b, *args):

True or False#

Question 16

True or False: In Python, a function can return multiple values as a tuple.

Question 17

True or False: Default argument values are evaluated once when the function is defined, not each time it is called.

Question 18

True or False: The global keyword allows a function to create a new global variable that did not exist before.

Question 19

True or False: **kwargs collects extra keyword arguments into a list.

Question 20

True or False: A recursive function without a base case will run forever without error.

Question 21

True or False: Type hints in Python are enforced at runtime by the interpreter.

Question 22

True or False: In the LEGB rule, Python checks the local scope before the global scope.

Question 23

True or False: Reassigning a parameter inside a function always modifies the original variable outside the function.

Question 24

True or False: A Google-style docstring should include a description, an Args section, and a Returns section.

Question 25

True or False: The nonlocal keyword is used to modify a variable in the enclosing function’s scope.

Essay Questions#

Question 26

Explain the LEGB rule in Python. Describe what each letter stands for and the order in which Python searches for a variable name.

(2-4 sentences)

Question 27

Explain the difference between pass-by-assignment with mutable and immutable objects. Provide an example of each showing different behavior.

(2-4 sentences)

Question 28

Explain the mutable default argument problem. Why is def func(items=[]) dangerous, and what is the recommended alternative?

(2-4 sentences)

Question 29

Describe the two essential components of a recursive function. What happens if one of them is missing?

(2-4 sentences)

Question 30

Explain why type hints are useful even though Python does not enforce them at runtime. Give at least two benefits.

(2-4 sentences)

Quiz#

Multiple Choice#

True or False#

Essay Questions#

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